Social determinants and access to health services in patients with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between social determinants of health and access to health services for COVID-19 patients. METHOD: Analytical, cross-sectional study, carried out in three states in the Northeast of Brazil (Ceará, Maranhão and Pernambuco), with 968 patients, using questionnaires with sociodemographic data, determinants and the Primary Care Assessment Tool, adapted to the reality of COVID-19, with 58 items, classified as high (score ≥ 6.6) and low (score < 6.6), whose high value reveals better standards of access to health services. The Chi-square test was used for comparative analysis. RESULTS: There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the domains of the instrument and the following determinants: age, skin color, body mass index, origin, schooling, employment, services close to home, first service, income and means of transport. CONCLUSION: Access to health services for people with COVID-19 was associated with various determinants, including individual, behavioural and social ones, correlated with the structural and organizational aspects of the health services offered by the three states of Northeastern Brazil.

Social determinants and access to health services in patients with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study / Determinantes sociales y acceso a los servicios sanitarios en pacientes con COVID-19: un estudio transversal / Determinantes sociais e acesso aos serviços de saúde em pacientes com COVID-19: estudo seccional

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association between social determinants of health and access to health services for COVID-19 patients. Method: Analytical, cross-sectional study, carried out in three states in the Northeast of Brazil (Ceará, Maranhão and Pernambuco), with 968 patients, using questionnaires with sociodemographic data, determinants and the Primary Care Assessment Tool, adapted to the reality of COVID-19, with 58 items, classified as high (score ≥ 6.6) and low (score < 6.6), whose high value reveals better standards of access to health services. The Chi-square test was used for comparative analysis. Results: There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the domains of the instrument and the following determinants: age, skin color, body mass index, origin, schooling, employment, services close to home, first service, income and means of transport. Conclusion: Access to health services for people with COVID-19 was associated with various determinants, including individual, behavioural and social ones, correlated with the structural and organizational aspects of the health services offered by the three states of Northeastern Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la asociación de los determinantes sociales de la salud con el acceso de los pacientes con COVID-19 a los servicios de salud. Método: Estudio analítico, transversal, realizado en tres estados del Nordeste de Brasil (Ceará, Maranhão y Pernambuco), con 968 pacientes, utilizando cuestionarios con datos sociodemográficos, determinantes y la Herramienta de Evaluación de la Atención Primaria (PCATool), adaptada a la realidad de la COVID-19, con 58 ítems, clasificados en alto (puntuación ≥ 6,6) y bajo (puntuación < 6,6), cuyo valor alto revela mejores estándares de acceso a los servicios de salud. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado para analizar las comparaciones. Resultados: Hubo diferencia significativa (p < 0,05) entre los dominios del instrumento y los siguientes determinantes: edad, color de piel, índice de masa corporal, origen, escolaridad, empleo, servicios cercanos al domicilio, primer servicio, ingreso y medio de transporte. Conclusión: El acceso a los servicios de salud de las personas con COVID-19 se asoció a diversos determinantes, entre ellos individuales, comportamentales y sociales, correlacionados con los aspectos estructurales y organizativos de los servicios de salud ofrecidos por los tres estados del nordeste de Brasil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a associação dos determinantes sociais da saúde com o acesso de pacientes com COVID-19 aos serviços de saúde. Método: Estudo analítico, transversal, desenvolvido em três estados do Nordeste brasileiro (Ceará, Maranhão e Pernambuco), com 968 pacientes, utilizando-se de questionários de dados sociodemográficos, determinantes e do Primary Care Assessment Tool, adaptado para realidade da COVID-19, com 58 itens, classificado em alto (escore ≥ 6,6) e baixo (escore < 6,6), cujo valor alto revela melhores padrões de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Para análise comparativa, empregou-se o teste do Qui-quadrado. Resultados: Verificou-se diferença significativa (p < 0,05) entre os domínios do instrumento e os seguintes determinantes: idade, cor da pele, índice de massa corporal, procedência, escolaridade, vínculo empregatício, serviços próximos à residência, primeiro serviço de atendimento, renda e meios de transporte. Conclusão: O acesso aos serviços de saúde de pessoas com COVID-19 esteve associado aos diversos determinantes, sendo estes individuais, comportamentais, sociais, correlacionados aos aspectos estruturais e organizacionais dos serviços de saúde ofertados pelos três estados do Nordeste brasileiro.

Primary Health Care assessment in the COVID-19 pandemic from physicians' and nurses' perspective.

OBJECTIVES: to assess the operationalization of Primary Health Care in the COVID-19 pandemic, according to Primary Care Assessment Tool: PCATool-Brasil attributes, from physicians' and nurses' perspective. METHODS: a cross-sectional study, carried out with 99 physicians and nurses from Basic Health Units in a state in northeastern Brazil, with the aid of the adapted instrument PCATool-Brasil. RESULTS: Essential Score was classified as high performance (6.6) and General Score as low performance (6.5). First Contact Access, Care Integration, and Community Guidance scores were <6.6. The best performances were attributed to the Longitudinality, Comprehensiveness and Family Guidance services (scores>6.6). CONCLUSIONS: the attributes of Primary Health Care, in general, showed values above or close to the cut-off point in the assessment. These data can support strategies for local and national managers to strengthen Primary Health Care in the COVID-19 pandemic and future public health emergencies.

Violência por parceiro íntimo na gestação e repercussão na saúde da mulher e do concepto / Violence by intimate partner in pregnancy and repercussion on women's and concept health / Violencia por parte de la pareja íntima en el embarazo y repercusión en la salud de la mujer y del concept

Objetivo: Identificar as evidências científicas sobre as repercussões da Violência do Parceiro Íntimo (VPI) na gravidez sobre a saúde da mulher e do feto. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. As buscas na literatura foram realizadas na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde; Medline via Pubmed e Web of Science. Resultados: Foram incluídos 21 artigos. Os estudos demonstram que mulheres vítimas na gravidez apresentam maior vulnerabilidade a sofrimento psicológico, apresentando elevação nos níveis de estresse, tristeza, angústia, transtorno mental comum e ideação suicida. Elas são mais suscetíveis abaixa adesão ao pré-natal e a problemas ginecológicos e obstétricos, apresentando chances elevadas de infecção no trato urinário e vaginais, aumento do risco de internações pré-natais e maiores chances de evoluírem para morbidade materna aguda grave. Para a saúde do concepto, exposição a violência está relacionada a chance aumentada a ocorrência de aborto espontâneo, crescimento intrauterino restrito, parto prematuro, baixo peso ao nascer, morte perinatal, mortalidade infantil e na infância. Ainda foi demonstrado que a violência materna no período gestacional está associada a baixa adesão a imunização da criança, menor duração do aleitamento materno e com a necessidade de encaminhar a criança para o acompanhamento especializado para a triagem neonatal auditiva. Conclusão: O impacto da VPI em mulheres grávidas e em seus filhos evidencia a importância de uma maior atenção a essa problemática. No entanto, a desigualdade de gênero representa o cerne das possibilidades de romper o ciclo da VPI no período gestacional e suas consequências para saúde do binômio mãe-bebê.

Objective: To identify the scientific evidence on the repercussions of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in pregnancy on the health of the woman and the fetus. Method: This is an integrative literature review. Literature searches were performed in the Virtual Health Library; Medline via Pubmed and Web of Science. Results: 21 articles were included. Studies show that women victims of pregnancy are more vulnerable to psychological distress, with increased levels of stress, sadness, anguish, common mental disorder and suicidal ideation. They are more susceptible to poor adherence to prenatal care and to gynecological and obstetric problems, presenting high chances of urinary tract and vaginal infections, increased risk of prenatal hospitalizations and greater chances of progressing to severe acute maternal morbidity. For the health of the fetus, exposure to violence is related to an increased chance of spontaneous abortion, restricted intrauterine growth, premature birth, low birth weight, perinatal death, infant and childhood mortality. It has also been shown that maternal violence in the gestational period is associated with low adherence to the child's immunization, shorter duration of breastfeeding and the need to refer the child to specialized monitoring for neonatal hearing screening. Conclusion: The impact of IPV on pregnant women and their children highlights the importance of greater attention to this problem. However, gender inequality represents the coreof the possibilities of breaking the cycle of IPV in the gestational period and its consequences for the health of the mother-baby binomial.

Objetivo: Identificar la evidencia científica sobre las repercusiones de la Violencia de Pareja (VPI) en el embarazo sobre la salud de la mujer y el feto. Método: Esta es una revisión integradora de la literatura. Se realizaron búsquedas bibliográficas en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud; Medline vía Pubmed y Web of Science. Resultados: se incluyeron 21 artículos. Los estudios muestran que las mujeres víctimas del embarazo son más vulnerables al malestar psicológico, con mayores niveles de estrés, tristeza, angustia, trastorno mental común e ideación suicida. Son más susceptibles a la mala adherencia al control prenatal ya los problemas ginecológicos y obstétricos, presentando altas posibilidades de infecciones urinarias y vaginales, mayor riesgo de hospitalizaciones prenatales y mayores posibilidades de progresar a morbilidad materna aguda severa. Para la salud del feto, la exposición a la violencia está relacionada con una mayor probabilidad de aborto espontáneo, crecimiento intrauterino restringido, parto prematuro, bajo peso al nacer, muerte perinatal, mortalidad infantil y en la niñez. También se ha demostrado que la violencia materna en el período gestacional está asociada con la baja adherencia a la vacunación del niño, la menor duraciónde la lactancia materna y la necesidad de derivar al niño a seguimiento especializado para el tamizaje auditivo neonatal. Conclusión: El impacto de la VPI en las mujeres embarazadas y sus hijos destaca la importancia de una mayor atención a este problema.Sin embargo, la desigualdad de género representa el núcleo de las posibilidades de romper el ciclo de la VPI en el período gestacional y sus consecuencias para la salud del binomio madre-bebé.

Primary Health Care assessment in the COVID-19 pandemic from physicians' and nurses' perspective / Evaluación de la Atención Primaria de Salud en la pandemia de COVID-19 desde la perspectiva de médicos y enfermeras / Avaliação da atenção primária à saúde na pandemia COVID-19 na perspectiva de médicos e enfermeiros

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess the operationalization of Primary Health Care in the COVID-19 pandemic, according to Primary Care Assessment Tool: PCATool-Brasil attributes, from physicians' and nurses' perspective. Methods: a cross-sectional study, carried out with 99 physicians and nurses from Basic Health Units in a state in northeastern Brazil, with the aid of the adapted instrument PCATool-Brasil. Results: Essential Score was classified as high performance (6.6) and General Score as low performance (6.5). First Contact Access, Care Integration, and Community Guidance scores were <6.6. The best performances were attributed to the Longitudinality, Comprehensiveness and Family Guidance services (scores>6.6). Conclusions: the attributes of Primary Health Care, in general, showed values above or close to the cut-off point in the assessment. These data can support strategies for local and national managers to strengthen Primary Health Care in the COVID-19 pandemic and future public health emergencies.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la operacionalización de la Atención Primaria de Salud en la pandemia de la COVID-19, según los atributos del Instrumento de Evaluación de la Atención Primaria: PCATool-Brasil, en la perspectiva de médicos y enfermeros. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado com 99 médicos e enfermeiros de Unidades Básicas de Saúde de um estado do Nordeste do Brasil, com auxílio do instrumento adaptado PCATool-Brasil. Resultados: Escore Essencial foi classificado como alto desempenho (6,6), e Escore Geral, como baixo desempenho (6,5). Las puntuaciones de acceso al primer contacto, integración de la atención y orientación comunitaria fueron <6,6. Los mejores desempeños fueron atribuidos a los servicios de Longitudinalidad, Integralidad y Orientación Familiar (puntuaciones > 6,6). Conclusiones: los atributos de la Atención Primaria de Salud, en general, presentaron valores superiores o cercanos al punto de corte en la evaluación. Estos datos pueden respaldar estrategias para que los administradores locales y nacionales fortalezcan la Atención Primaria de Salud en la pandemia de COVID-19 y futuras emergencias de salud pública.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a operacionalização da Atenção Primária à Saúde na pandemia de COVID-19, segundo os atributos do Primary Care Assessment Tool: PCATool-Brasil, na perspectiva de médicos e enfermeiros. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado com 99 médicos e enfermeiros de Unidades Básica de Saúde de um estado do Nordeste do Brasil, com auxílio do instrumento adaptado PCATool-Brasil. Resultados: Escore Essencial foi classificado como alto desempenho (6,6), e Escore Geral, como baixo desempenho (6,5). Os escores de Acesso de Primeiro Contato, Integração do Cuidado e Orientação Comunitária foram <6,6. Os melhores desempenhos foram atribuídos aos serviços Longitudinalidade, Integralidade e Orientação Familiar (escores > 6,6). Conclusões: os atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde, em geral, apresentaram valores superiores ou próximos ao ponto de corte na avaliação. Esses dados podem subsidiar estratégias de gestores locais e nacionais para o fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde na pandemia de COVID-19 e futuras emergências de saúde pública.

Deaths due to COVID-19 in a state of northeastern Brazil: spatiotemporal distribution, sociodemographic and clinical and operational characteristics.

BACKGROUND: The detection of spatiotemporal clusters of deaths by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential for health systems and services, as it contributes to the allocation of resources and helps in effective decision making aimed at disease control and surveillance. Thus we aim to analyse the spatiotemporal distribution and describe sociodemographic and clinical and operational characteristics of COVID-19-related deaths in a Brazilian state. METHODS: A descriptive and ecological study was carried out in the state of Maranhão. The study population consisted of deaths by COVID-19 in the period from 29 March to 31 July 2020. The detection of spatiotemporal clusters was performed by spatiotemporal scan analysis. RESULTS: A total of 3001 deaths were analysed with an average age of 69 y, predominantly in males, of brown ethnicity, with arterial hypertension and diabetes, diagnosed mainly by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in public laboratories. The crude mortality rates the municipalities ranged from 0.00 to 102.24 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants and three spatiotemporal clusters of high relative risk were detected, with a mortality rate ranging from 20.25 to 91.49 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants per month. The headquarters was the metropolitan region of São Luís and municipalities with better socio-economic and health development. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution and the sociodemographic and clinical and operational characteristics of deaths by COVID-19 point to the need for interventions.

Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave por COVID-19: Perfil Clínico- Epidemiológico e Distribuição Espacial dos Óbitos nas Unidades Federativas do Brasil / Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome by COVID-19: Clinical- Epidemiological Profile and Spatial Distribution of Deaths in the States of Brazil

A Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) é uma manifestação grave da infeção por COVID-19 que, em alguns casos, pode resultar em morte. No cenário epidemiológico global atual, o Brasil é o segundo país em número de óbitos pela doença, assim, faz-se necessário conhecer características clínico-epidemiológicas dos óbitos e como se distribuem espacialmente pelos territórios. Desse modo, objetivou-se descrever as características clínico-epidemiológicas e a distribuição espacial dos óbitos de SRAG por COVID-19 nas unidades federativas do Brasil. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e ecológico dos óbitos de SRAG por COVID-19 nos estados brasileiros, no período de março de 2020 a junho de 2021, a partir de dados secundários disponíveis no openDataSUS. Realizou-se estatística descritiva para as variáveis clínico-epidemiológicas e determinaram-se as taxas de mortalidade mensais por unidade federada e foram confeccionados mapas temáticos no software QGIS versão 2.4.17. Foram registrados 196.109 óbitos no período investigado, sendo predominante o sexo masculino, idade avançada, cor branca e baixa escolaridade. Nas variáveis clínicas, destacaram-se tosse, desconforto respiratório, dispneia e presença de comorbidades. Observou-se distribuição espacial heterogênea dos óbitos, com taxas variando de 0,00 a 24,59 óbitos/100 mil habitantes, as maiores taxas foram nos estados do Rio de Janeiro, Amazonas, Ceará, Sergipe, São Paulo e Pernambuco. Tais achados suscitam a necessidade de investimentos por parte da gestão pública e dos sistemas e serviços de saúde dos estados mais afetados, aperfeiçoamentos da vigilância epidemiológica, educação permanente em saúde, ampliação do acesso à imunização e medidas de prevenção de saúde para controle e monitoramento da SRAG por COVID-19.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a severe manifestation of COVID-19 infection that, in some cases, can result in death. In the current global epidemiological scenario, Brazil is the second country with highest number of deaths from the disease; thus, it is necessary to know the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of deaths and how they are spatially distributed across territories. Therefore, the objective was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and the spatial distribution of SARS deaths due to COVID-19 in the Brazilian federative units (states). This is a descriptive and ecological study of SARS deaths due to COVID-19 in Brazilian states, from March 2020 to June 2021, based on secondary data available on the openDataSUS database. Descriptive statistics were performed for the clinical-epidemiological variables and the monthly mortality rates were determined by state and thematic maps were made in QGIS software version 2.4.17. A total of 196,109 deaths were recorded in the investigated period, predominantly male, older, white, and low-educated. Among the clinical variables, cough, respiratory distress, dyspnea, and the presence of comorbidities stood out. A heterogeneous spatial distribution of deaths was observed, with rates ranging from 0.00 to 24.59 deaths/100,000 inhabitants, the highest rates were in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Amazonas, Ceara, Sergipe, Sao Paulo, and Pernambuco. These findings raise the need for investments on the part of public management and health systems and services in the most affected states, improvements in epidemiological surveillance, permanent health education, increased access to immunization and health prevention measures to control and monitor SARS caused by COVID-19.

Ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion in patients with diabetic foot: a mid-range theory.

OBJECTIVE: to develop a mid-range theory for nursing diagnosis ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion in patients with diabetic foot. METHOD: the theory construction was carried out in six stages: approach definition; theoretical-conceptual model definition; definition of the main concepts; pictogram development; construction of propositions and establishment of causal relationships evidence for practice. RESULTS: twelve etiological factors and 22 clinical indicators were included in the theory, some of which were not listed in NANDA International (Inc.) and others were adapted to better characterize patients with diabetic foot. A pictogram was constructed and eight propositions were established to verify causal relationships and evidence for practice. CONCLUSION: medium-range theory made it possible to broaden the concepts and demonstrate the causal relationships between the elements of ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion, providing subsidies to minimize gaps in knowledge and assist clinical nursing practice.

Ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion in patients with diabetic foot: a mid-range theory / Perfusión de tejido periférico ineficaz en pacientes con pie diabético: una teoría de rango medio / Perfusão tissular periférica ineficaz em pacientes com pé diabético: uma teoria de médio alcance

ABSTRACT Objective: to develop a mid-range theory for nursing diagnosis ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion in patients with diabetic foot. Method: the theory construction was carried out in six stages: approach definition; theoretical-conceptual model definition; definition of the main concepts; pictogram development; construction of propositions and establishment of causal relationships evidence for practice. Results: twelve etiological factors and 22 clinical indicators were included in the theory, some of which were not listed in NANDA International (Inc.) and others were adapted to better characterize patients with diabetic foot. A pictogram was constructed and eight propositions were established to verify causal relationships and evidence for practice. Conclusion: medium-range theory made it possible to broaden the concepts and demonstrate the causal relationships between the elements of ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion, providing subsidies to minimize gaps in knowledge and assist clinical nursing practice.

RESUMEN Objetivo: desarrollar una teoría de rango medio para el diagnóstico de enfermería de la perfusión tisular periférica ineficaz en pacientes con pie diabético. Método: la construcción de la teoría se realizó en seis etapas: definición del enfoque; definición del modelo teórico-conceptual; definición de los principales conceptos; desarrollo de pictogramas; construcción de proposiciones y establecimiento de relaciones causales basadas en evidencia para la práctica. Resultados: se incluyeron en la teoría 12 factores etiológicos y 22 indicadores clínicos, algunos de los cuales no estaban incluidos en NANDA International (Inc.) y otros se adaptaron para caracterizar mejor a los pacientes con pie diabético. Se construyó un pictograma y se establecieron ocho proposiciones para verificar las relaciones causales y la evidencia de la práctica. Conclusión: la teoría de rango medio permitió ampliar los conceptos y demostrar las relaciones causales entre los elementos del diagnóstico de perfusión tisular periférica ineficaz, brindando subsidios para minimizar las brechas en el conocimiento y ayudar a la práctica clínica de la enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivo: desenvolver uma teoria de médio alcance para o diagnóstico de enfermagem perfusão tissular periférica ineficaz em pacientes com pé diabético. Método: a construção da teoria foi realizada em seis etapas: definição da abordagem; definição do modelo teórico-conceitual; definição dos conceitos principais; desenvolvimento de pictograma; construção das proposições e estabelecimento das relações de causalidade evidências para a prática. Resultados: foram incluídos na teoria 12 fatores etiológicos e 22 indicadores clínicos, alguns destes não estavam listados na NANDA Internacional (Inc.) e outros foram adaptados para melhor caracterização dos pacientes com pé diabético. Construiu-se um pictograma e foram estabelecidas oito proposições para verificar as relações causais e evidências para a prática. Conclusão: a teoria de médio alcance possibilitou ampliar os conceitos e demonstrar as relações causais entre os elementos do diagnóstico perfusão tissular periférica ineficaz, fornecendo subsídios para minimizar as lacunas no conhecimento e auxiliar a prática clínica da enfermagem.

Assessment of tissular integrity in patients with diabetic foot.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impairment of tissue integrity in patients with diabetic foot and verify its association with time of diagnosis of the disease. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted with 134 patients in an outpatient clinic located in the Northeast region of Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection, which was subjected to descriptive analysis and the Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test. RESULTS: Indicators with the lowest average score were: skin temperature, sweating, skin lesions, right and left pedal pulses, right and left tibial pulses. Patients less than ten years old had worse scores on thickness, elasticity, right tibial pulse and tissue integrity. Those with a diagnosis time of more than ten years had a greater impairment of sensation and right pulse. CONCLUSION: All indicators showed some impairment of tissue integrity, and the time of diagnosis of the disease was associated with six of these.

Association between knowledge and adherence to foot self-care practices performed by diabetics.

OBJECTIVES: to verify the association between knowledge and adherence to foot self-care practices performed by patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. METHODS: cross-sectional, descriptive study carried out with 197 patients in basic health units located in the Northeast region of Brazil. For data collection, we used a semi-structured questionnaire that addressed issues inherent to knowledge and Diabetes Self-Care Activities. RESULTS: we observed that patients with moderate knowledge about self-care practices were more likely to perform foot self-examination, dry the interdigital spaces, moisturize their feet with creams and oils, observe the presence of mycosis and ingrown toenail when compared to patients with insufficient knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: the patients' level of knowledge was closely related to the self-care activities carried out, which reinforces the importance of nurses working on training those on essential health care.

Assessment of tissular integrity in patients with diabetic foot / Evaluación de la integridad tisular de pacientes con pie diabético / Avaliação da integridade tissular de pacientes com pé diabético

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the impairment of tissue integrity in patients with diabetic foot and verify its association with time of diagnosis of the disease. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with 134 patients in an outpatient clinic located in the Northeast region of Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection, which was subjected to descriptive analysis and the Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test. Results: Indicators with the lowest average score were: skin temperature, sweating, skin lesions, right and left pedal pulses, right and left tibial pulses. Patients less than ten years old had worse scores on thickness, elasticity, right tibial pulse and tissue integrity. Those with a diagnosis time of more than ten years had a greater impairment of sensation and right pulse. Conclusion: All indicators showed some impairment of tissue integrity, and the time of diagnosis of the disease was associated with six of these.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el comprometimiento de la integridad tisular de pacientes con pie diabético y verificar su relación con tiempo de diagnóstico de la enfermedad. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con 134 pacientes en un ambulatorio localizado en la región Noreste de Brasil. Ha sido utilizado cuestionario semiestructurado para la recogida de datos, los cuales han sido sometidos al análisis descriptivo y al test no paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Indicadores con menor calificación media han sido: temperatura de la piel, transpiración, lesiones en la piel, pulsos poplíteos derecho e izquierdo, pulsos tibiales derecho e izquierdo. Los pacientes con menos de diez años de la enfermedad presentaron peores calificaciones en la espesura, elasticidad, pulso tibial derecho e integridad tejidual. Ya aquellos con tiempo de diagnóstico superior a diez años tuvieron mayor comprometimiento de la sensación y pulso poplíteo derecho. Conclusión: Todos los indicadores mostraron alguno comprometimiento de la integridad tisular, y el tiempo de diagnóstico de la enfermedad ha relacionado con seis de estos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o comprometimento da integridade tissular de pacientes com pé diabético e verificar sua associação com tempo de diagnóstico da doença. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 134 pacientes em um ambulatório localizado na região Nordeste do Brasil. Foi utilizado questionário semiestruturado para a coleta de dados, os quais foram submetidos a análise descritiva e ao teste não paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Indicadores com menor escore médio foram: temperatura da pele, transpiração, lesões na pele, pulsos pediosos direito e esquerdo, pulsos tibiais direito e esquerdo. Os pacientes com menos de dez anos da doença apresentaram piores escores na espessura, elasticidade, pulso tibial direito e integridade tecidual. Já aqueles com tempo de diagnóstico superior a dez anos tiveram maior comprometimento da sensação e pulso pedioso direito. Conclusão: Todos os indicadores mostraram algum comprometimento da integridade tissular, e o tempo de diagnóstico da doença esteve associado com seis destes.

Association between knowledge and adherence to foot self-care practices performed by diabetics / Asociación entre conocimiento y adherencia a las prácticas de autocuidado con los pies realizadas por diabéticos / Associação entre conhecimento e adesão às práticas de autocuidado com os pés realizadas por diabéticos

ABSTRACT Objectives: to verify the association between knowledge and adherence to foot self-care practices performed by patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Methods: cross-sectional, descriptive study carried out with 197 patients in basic health units located in the Northeast region of Brazil. For data collection, we used a semi-structured questionnaire that addressed issues inherent to knowledge and Diabetes Self-Care Activities. Results: we observed that patients with moderate knowledge about self-care practices were more likely to perform foot self-examination, dry the interdigital spaces, moisturize their feet with creams and oils, observe the presence of mycosis and ingrown toenail when compared to patients with insufficient knowledge. Conclusions: the patients' level of knowledge was closely related to the self-care activities carried out, which reinforces the importance of nurses working on training those on essential health care.

RESUMEN Objetivos: verificar la asociación entre conocimiento y adherencia a las prácticas de autocuidado de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, realizado con 197 pacientes en unidades básicas de salud ubicadas en el Noreste de Brasil. Para la recopilación de datos, fue utilizado un cuestionario semiestructurado que aborda temas relacionados con el conocimiento y las actividades de autocuidado, como la diabetes. Resultados: ha observado que los pacientes con control moderado sobre las prácticas de autocuidado han tenido más probabilidades de realizar autoexamen de los pies, secar los espacios interdigitales, hidratar los pies con cremas y aceites, observar la presencia de micras y uña encarnada, en comparación a los pacientes con conocimiento insuficiente. Conclusiones: el nivel de conocimiento de los pacientes estaba estrechamente relacionado con las actividades de autocuidado realizadas, lo que refuerza la importancia del enfermero actuar en la capacitación de aquellos acerca de los cuidados esenciales con su salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: verificar a associação entre o conhecimento e a adesão às práticas de autocuidado com os pés realizadas por pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo, realizado com 197 pacientes em unidades básicas de saúde localizadas na região Nordeste do Brasil. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizado um questionário semiestruturado que abordava questões inerentes ao conhecimento e às Atividades de Autocuidado com o Diabetes. Resultados: observou-se que os pacientes com conhecimento moderado sobre as práticas de autocuidado tiveram mais chances de realizar autoexame dos pés, secar os espaços interdigitais, hidratar os pés com cremes e óleos, observar a presença de micose e unha encravada, quando comparados aos pacientes com conhecimento insuficiente. Conclusões: o nível de conhecimento dos pacientes apresentou estreita relação com as atividades de autocuidado realizadas, o que reforça a importância de o enfermeiro atuar na capacitação daqueles sobre os cuidados essenciais com sua saúde.